Swiss National Museum
Zurich
The Swiss National Museum (Landesmuseum Zürich) is not just a museum—it's a time machine wrapped in neo-Gothic architecture. Located next to Zurich’s main train station and bordered by the tranquil Platzspitz Park, the museum resembles a fairytale castle but was actually built in 1898 by architect Gustav Gull to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the Swiss federal constitution
The Genesis of a National Museum
The idea for a Swiss national museum arose in the late 19th century, a time when Switzerland was solidifying its identity as a modern nation-state. A key point of contention was the museum's location, with a heated dispute between the federal capital, Bern, and the economic powerhouse, Zurich. In 1891, the Swiss Federal Council and the Council of States decided to build the museum in Zurich, next to the city's main railway station, a central and easily accessible location.
The Original Building by Gustav Gull
Zurich architect Gustav Gull, a leading figure of historicism, was commissioned to design the new building. Gull's design was a masterful blend of different historical architectural styles, primarily drawing from late-medieval and Renaissance forms found in Switzerland. The building was conceived as a "castle," a fitting tribute to the nation's history, with an asymmetrical layout featuring towers, courtyards, and a forecourt.
Construction: Construction began in 1892 and was fraught with challenges and delays. Gull's plans were ambitious and complex, making the project the largest construction site in Zurich at the time.
Architectural Style: The building is a prime example of historicism, an architectural style that revives historical forms. Gull's design was a "collage" that celebrated the diversity of the young Swiss confederation.
Symbolism: Gull's design was highly symbolic. The building's "G" shape is believed to be a subtle nod to the architect's initials. The incorporation of various historical architectural elements was intended to represent the multifaceted nature of Swiss history.
The museum was inaugurated with much fanfare on June 24, 1898. It quickly became a public favorite, thanks to its central location, free admission, and the spectacular design of its exhibition rooms.
The Swiss National Museum is part of a network that includes the Château de Prangins, the Forum of Swiss History Schwyz, and the Collection Centre in Affoltern am Albis. Together, these institutions safeguard over 870,000 objects that span the full spectrum of Swiss cultural history.
The Zurich location is the flagship, and its permanent exhibitions are designed not just to preserve artifacts, but to provoke reflection on what it means to be Swiss. Through immersive displays, multimedia installations, and thoughtful curation, the museum invites visitors to explore the evolution of a nation that is at once fiercely independent and deeply interconnected with the world.
History of Switzerland: The Grand Narrative
The cornerstone of the museum’s permanent displays is the “History of Switzerland” exhibition. This chronological journey begins with prehistoric settlements and ends in the modern era, offering a panoramic view of the country’s development.
Prehistoric and Roman Switzerland
Visitors are first introduced to Switzerland’s earliest inhabitants through tools, pottery, and burial artifacts from the Stone Age, Bronze Age, and Iron Age. These objects reveal how geography—mountains, rivers, and valleys—shaped early communities and trade routes.
The Roman section showcases Switzerland’s role as a frontier province. Coins, mosaics, and architectural fragments from cities like Augusta Raurica illustrate the influence of Roman governance, infrastructure, and culture.
Medieval Foundations
The medieval displays delve into feudalism, monastic life, and the rise of cantonal identities. Illuminated manuscripts, religious relics, and castle models bring this period to life. Visitors learn how Switzerland’s decentralized political structure began to take shape, laying the groundwork for its future confederation.
Reformation and Enlightenment
One of the most compelling sections explores the Protestant Reformation, led by Zurich’s own Ulrich Zwingli. Artifacts from both Protestant and Catholic cantons highlight the tensions and transformations that defined this era. The Enlightenment period follows, showcasing the intellectual and artistic blossoming that occurred despite political fragmentation.
Federalism and Modern Democracy
The exhibition culminates in the 19th and 20th centuries, tracing Switzerland’s path to federalism, industrialization, and neutrality. Documents from the 1848 Federal Constitution, suffrage movements, and diplomatic milestones illustrate how Switzerland forged a unique identity as a democratic, multilingual, and neutral nation.
A Magic Carpet Ride Through History: Everyday Life and Culture
While the “History of Switzerland” offers a macro view, “A Magic Carpet Ride Through History” zooms in on the micro—exploring the daily lives of Swiss people across centuries. This exhibition is whimsical, tactile, and deeply human.
Domestic Interiors
Reconstructed rooms from different eras and regions showcase how Swiss homes evolved. From rustic alpine chalets to bourgeois parlors, the furniture, wallpaper, and household items reflect changing tastes, technologies, and social norms.
Clothing and Fashion
Traditional costumes from various cantons are displayed alongside modern garments, illustrating the evolution of Swiss fashion. Embroidery, lacework, and accessories reveal regional identities and craftsmanship.
Food and Dining
Historical kitchen tools, tableware, and menus offer insights into Swiss culinary traditions. Visitors learn about the role of food in festivals, rituals, and daily life—complete with recipes and interactive stations.
Customs and Celebrations
Artifacts from weddings, funerals, and carnivals highlight the diversity of Swiss customs. Folk music instruments and dance costumes add a festive touch, while storytelling corners engage younger visitors.
The Collection: Treasures of Swiss Craftsmanship
“The Collection” exhibition showcases the museum’s most prized objects—rare, exquisite, and deeply symbolic of Swiss identity. It’s a celebration of artistry, innovation, and cultural heritage.
Watchmaking and Precision Instruments
Switzerland’s reputation for precision is on full display in its horological treasures. Timepieces from Geneva, Neuchâtel, and Biel demonstrate the evolution of watchmaking, from ornate pocket watches to sleek modern designs.
Jewelry and Decorative Arts
Rings, brooches, and ceremonial pieces reflect both aesthetic sensibilities and social hierarchies. Enamel work, filigree, and gemstone settings highlight regional styles and craftsmanship.
Paintings and Portraits
Works by Swiss masters like Ferdinand Hodler offer a visual narrative of national identity. Portraits of historical figures and everyday citizens provide a human dimension to the museum’s collection.
Folk Art and Woodcarving
Painted furniture, carved figurines, and religious icons showcase rural creativity. These objects are not just decorative—they’re storytelling tools that preserve oral traditions and communal values.
Tower of Arms: Military History and National Defense
Housed in one of the museum’s original towers, the “Tower of Arms” explores Switzerland’s complex relationship with warfare and neutrality.
Medieval Weaponry
Swords, crossbows, and halberds are displayed alongside armor and shields. These artifacts reveal the martial prowess of Swiss mercenaries, who were sought after across Europe.
Swiss Mercenaries
Documents, uniforms, and battlefield relics illustrate the role of Swiss soldiers in foreign armies. Ethical debates around mercenary culture are explored through historical texts and multimedia.
Fortifications and Defense
Models of castles, bunkers, and alpine fortresses demonstrate Switzerland’s unique defense doctrine. Maps and strategic plans highlight the country’s commitment to self-reliance.
Hodler’s Mural
A dramatic painting of the Battle of Marignano (1515) by Ferdinand Hodler serves as a centerpiece. Its symbolism and emotional intensity make it one of the museum’s most memorable works.
Coin Cabinet: Currency and Commerce
Money may not buy happiness, but it does tell a story—and the “Coin Cabinet” tells it well. This compact exhibition traces the evolution of Swiss currency and its role in shaping the economy.
Ancient Coins
Celtic and Roman coins found in Swiss soil reveal early trade networks and economic systems.
Medieval and Renaissance Money
Minting techniques, coin designs, and banking innovations are explored through rare specimens and historical documents.
Modern Swiss Francs
Banknotes and coins from the 19th century to today illustrate the rise of Swiss banking and financial neutrality. Counterfeiting and security features are also examined.
Simply Zurich: Local History with Global Resonance
“Simply Zurich” focuses on the city itself—its evolution from a Roman outpost to a global metropolis. It’s a localized lens that reflects broader Swiss themes.
Urban Development
Maps, models, and architectural plans trace the transformation of Zurich’s neighborhoods. Visitors learn how infrastructure, migration, and policy shaped the city’s growth.
Intellectual and Artistic Life
Zurich’s universities, artists, and thinkers are celebrated through manuscripts, artworks, and personal stories. The city’s role in the Reformation and Enlightenment is particularly emphasized.
Migration and Diversity
Stories of immigrants and refugees highlight Zurich’s multicultural fabric. Artifacts and testimonials reveal how diversity has enriched the city’s identity.